2006;27:11926. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. 1992;6:379. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Bioelectromagnetics. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Google Scholar. Iran J Public Health. 2015;91:30611. 2011;35:36978. 2014;9:e95503. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. CAS It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. 2015;51:15865. Behav Brain Res. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. 1996;180:917. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. 2001;93:2037. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Int J Occup Environ Health. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Neurol Sci. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety J Environ Health Sci Eng. How a Microwave effects the human body? by jesse aarons - Prezi Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Phot J. 2007;96:218196. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. The biological effects of radio waves on human body tissues - ResearchGate J Environ Health. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Terms and Conditions, 2007;28:187380. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Mol Cell Biol. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Acta Neurol Belg. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Othman et al. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. 2 Researchers have been working. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. 2011;31:2293301. 2002;57:2702. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2016;397:2239. Behav Brain Res. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. 2011;107:35661. 2015;91:42634. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. 2010;39:67594. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Yale J Biol Med. Kwon et al. 2014;70:84555. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. 2009;27:556572. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Neurosci Lett. 2015;56:2618. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Wang Q, Cao Z. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. Koch C, Zador A. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . Behav Brain Res. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. 2010;28:445. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? 2006;98:170713. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Correspondence to Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. 2006;165:63644. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. PubMed It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. 2007;34:146779. Article Xiong et al. Qutob et al. Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. CAS Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. BMJ. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Gene. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Radiat Res. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. The conclusions are shown in Table3. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. 2008;29:52738. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. 2015;140:23646. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Ning et al. Int J Radiat Biol. PubMed Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 2009;64:2314. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Neuroreport. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. J Natl Cancer Inst. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Thus, Cosquer et al. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. 1997;44:99104. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Finally, Hardell et al. 1994;15:95104. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. 2012;62:22336. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. Sci STKE. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Behav Brain Res. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Biomed Environ Sci. Microwave Health Effects 1 Microwave Theory and Techniqes | PDF | Microwave - Scribd [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Bioelectromagnetics. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. PubMed 2000;284:30017. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Bioelectromagnetics. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. 2006;27:295306. Merola et al. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Int J Epidemiol. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA J Neuro. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Article Electromagn Biol Med. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. 2016;53:210011. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. Bull Exp Biol Med. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. PubMed 1992;49:1818. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation.
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